NFKB1 and neoplasm: (3) Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities: CA acts as a reactive oxygen species scavenger, decreases oxidative stress, and modulates tumor-promoting inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), as well as suppressing NF-κB, a central player in inflammation and cancer progression (Espíndola et al. 2019).