Several studies have utilized different combinations of AIM markers, such as OX40, CD25, CD69, and CD40L, to identify Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells in a cytokine-independent manner, both in HIV-uninfected and HIV-infected individuals with active TB or latent infection, particularly in high TB burden settings (36,37). This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF4 and disease arising from reactivation of latent virus.