These distinct diseases are, typically, associated with lesions in the brain due to accumulation of pathological proteins (proteinopathy), such as an accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) into plaques or tau proteins into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer's disease, Aβ in vascular dementia, alpha-synuclein in dementia with Lewy bodies or TDP-43 protein in frontotemporal dementia, in the parenchyma and/or vasculature, or secondary to vascular disease and/or a stroke.3,6,7 Additionally, dementia sufferers often show a significant loss of brain neurons and brain atrophy. This evidence concerns the gene MAPT and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.