Moreover, compared to normal samples, HSPA6, NOTCH3, and PKP2 were dramatically overexpressed, while GPD1L and SMAD9 were dramatically de-expressed in tumor samples in both the LUAD training dataset (Fig. 4C) and the LUAD validation dataset (Fig. 4D) (all P < 0.05). Here, SMAD9 is linked to neoplasm.