CX3CR1 and autism: The Cx3cr1–Cx3cl1 pathway is a key mechanism for microglia (CX3CR1) –neuron (fractalkine (CX3CL1)) communication in the brain, and this interaction has been utilized to evaluate how microglia and neurons respond to dysbiosis during neurodevelopment [41, 82] Lactobacillus, a crucial component of the gut microbiome, can ameliorate social impairment in offspring and prevent autism-like behaviors by inhibiting microglial activation and premature senescence through the regulation of Cx3cr1 [83].