INSR and endothelial dysfunction: In a recent study, aircraft noise was found to worsen cardiovascular outcomes in three mouse models of diabetes: type 1 diabetes (streptozotocin-induced), type 2 diabetes (S961 insulin receptor antagonist-induced), and metabolic syndrome (high-fat diet-induced).143 Noise exposure exacerbated hyperglycaemia and endothelial dysfunction in all models, leading to increased blood pressure, more pronounced endothelial dysfunction, and increased oxidative stress.