IFN-γ was reported to be upregulated in the liver of rats on HFD and was shown to activate the STAT1β/ toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway in NR8383 rat macrophage cell line, implying that IFN-γ may be a mediator of the hepatic inflammation associated with NAFLD [123]. Here, TLR2 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.