SMAD3 and fibrosis: In diabetes, elevated KB are linked to complications such as renal injury, activation of the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system, reduced autophagy, and increased renal fibrosis via the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3) pathway, though their role in chronic complications remains unclear [8, 9].