Age, black race, LVEF, BMI, insulin‐treated DM, hypertension, current smokers, CAD, previous MI, previous coronary bypass, previous coronary angioplasty, pacemaker, ICD, AF, PVD, carotid artery disease, COPD, asthma, previous stroke, previous transient ischaemic attack, medication use [ACEI, ARB, amiodarone, beta‐blocker, calcium channel blockers, aspirin, statin, spironolactone (potassium‐sparing diuretics), digoxin (digitalis), loop diuretic and thiazide diuretic], RHR, SBP at rest, DBP at rest, peak RER and severe ventricular ectopy during recovery. Here, INS is linked to atrial fibrillation.