PSA, prostate-specific antigen (a biomarker commonly used in prostate cancer assessment); ALP, alkaline phosphatase (an enzyme linked with bone metastasis); SG, study group; CG, control group; SD, standard deviation (indicating variability within each group); SEM, standard error of the mean; df, degrees of freedom associated with the statistical tests. This evidence concerns the gene KLK3 and prostate cancer.