Obesity was associated with increased fasting glucose (mean difference = 5.6 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.2-11.0, p=0.043), insulin (mean difference = 4.1 μIU/mL, 95% CI: 2.1-6.1, p<0.001), HOMA-IR (mean difference = 1.2, 95% CI: 0.7-1.7, p<0.001), triglycerides (mean difference = 24.3 mg/dL, 95% CI: 3.1-45.5, p=0.025), and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (mean difference = -6.2 mg/dL, 95% CI: -11.4 to -1.0, p=0.018). This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.