However, its diagnostic utility is constrained by several limitations: approximately 50-60% of early-stage (FIGO stages I-II) OC cases do not exhibit elevated CA125 levels (7, 8), while false-positive elevations are frequently observed in various benign gynecological conditions (9–11) including endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine fibroids, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Here, MUC16 is linked to adenomyosis.