For example, P.g can accumulate in the liver, where its fimbrial protein FimA binds to Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), complement receptor 3 (CR3), and CXC-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), triggering various immune responses that promote the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). Here, CRIPTO3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.