Frequently overexpressed in AML subsets with adverse genetic abnormalities like t (8, 21) rearrangement, NPM1 mutations, and IDH1/2 or TP53 alterations, HIF-1α overexpression is strongly linked to poor clinical outcomes, including reduced relapse-free survival and resistance to chemotherapy agents such as cytarabine (133–135). The gene discussed is NPM1; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.