TNF and Alzheimer disease: Furthermore, other cells such as astrocytes and T cells interact with microglia through the release of inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-1β, and TNF-α, collectively impacting the pathological process of AD (Heneka et al., 2015; Heppner et al., 2015; Liddelow et al., 2017; Gate et al., 2020).