ARHGAP31 and bacterial infectious disease: The upregulation of ETR2 during bacterial infection may reflect a feedback mechanism in response to elevated ethylene levels or ethylene-induced stress conditions, as ethylene receptors are often transcriptionally induced by ethylene itself [8], while the jasmonate pathway, involving AOS and LOX1, was critical for jasmonic acid production, which fortifies defense mechanisms [18, 64, 65, 109].