PKM and familial pancreatic carcinoma: In addition, melatonin drives PKM2 into the nucleus of hippocampal neurons to partner with NRF2 and induce GPX4 expression, protecting against radiation-induced ferroptosis, while thymoquinone upregulates PKM2’s nuclear signaling via NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and MAPK pathways to promote survival and inhibit apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells [105, 182];