EGF and endothelial dysfunction: While a study suggested that EGF alleviates endothelial dysfunction, further systematic investigation is needed.[86] IGF‐1 also showed a similar trend to EGF, but it has protective effects on cardiovascular diseases.[87] Compared to the control group, the secretion of other cytokines was increased under disease conditions, and some of these cytokines showed a decrease under drug treatment conditions.