Lung cancer cells also promote M2 polarization of TAMs, and the secretion of TGF-β by TAMs activates the c-Jun and Smad3 pathways in lung cancer cells, leading to increased expression of SOX9, thereby facilitating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion (54). Here, TGFB1 is linked to lung carcinoma.