Among the obesity, upregulation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the kidney is induced by elevated leptin levels, promoting extracellular matrix accumulation, which leads to glomerular and tubular basement membrane thickening, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (21). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is glomerulosclerosis.