The tumor-promoting mechanism of LOXL1 can be categorized into two main effects: extracellular and intracellular: (1) Extracellular effect: TGF-β secreted by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells promotes the expression of integrin α11 (ITG α11) in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) through the Smad signaling pathway, which in turn upregulates LOXL1 expression in CAFs. Here, LOXL1 is linked to cancer.