HSPA5 and atrial fibrillation: HSPA5 alleviates ER stress and regulates calcium homeostasis (Schäuble et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2017); HSPA9 upregulated over twofold in atrial fibrillation, maintains mitochondrial proteostasis (Kirmanoglou et al., 2004); while HSPA1 induction delays thrombosis without affecting bleeding parameters, offering potential therapeutic advantages over traditional anticoagulants (Allende et al., 2016).