Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significantly elevated HSP27 expression exclusively in paroxysmal AF patients’ atrial tissue (p < 0.05 vs. persistent AF), suggesting its potential role in protecting cardiomyocytes from structural degradation and potentially delaying AF progression to persistent forms (Brundel et al., 2006b). Here, HSPB1 is linked to Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.