CXCR3 and one or more of its ligands have been found to be overexpressed in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including allograft rejection, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, Examples include rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Figure 3). This evidence concerns the gene CXCR3 and systemic lupus erythematosus.