INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Studies have shown that Dubosiella is a probiotic, and the increase of its relative abundance has been proved to have potential benefits for metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and steatohepatitis, mainly through enhancing glucose tolerance, inhibiting inflammation, and improving insulin sensitivity and blood lipid levels (Li et al., 2022; Zheng et al., 2023).