TGFB1 and intervertebral disk degenerative disorder: In vivo, it upregulates chemokines such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1, promoting stem cell migration and tissue repair, mitigating CEP calcification and IDD pathology (Shao Y. et al., 2022; Zhang Z. et al., 2022).