Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo studies utilizing the CMT cell line CMT-U27 and its xenograft mouse model revealed that palmatine administration (50 mg/kg in vivo; 50, 100, and 200 μM in vitro) suppressed primary tumor growth and adjacent lymph node metastasis in breast cancer models by downregulating the protein expression of PI3K, PTEN, and AKT, thereby inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway activation (Yoo et al., 2023). Here, AKT1 is linked to breast carcinoma.