Treatment significantly attenuated hepatic steatosis and inflammation, reduced collagen deposition-related proteins (COL1A1) protein deposition in liver tissue, and suppressed expression of pro-fibrotic factors including transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) (Zhang et al., 2023). Here, TGFB1 is linked to fatty liver disease.