TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: Regarding myocardial fibrosis, administration of 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg palmatine in an ISO-induced mouse model of myocardial fibrosis demonstrated that palmatine inhibited cardiac fibroblast (CF) activation by suppressing the STAT3 signaling pathway, reduced TGF-β and IL-6 protein expression, and improved cardiac structure and function (Lin C. H. et al., 2024).