PTEN and cancer: For example, we observed CNV in tumor suppressor genes (TP53), cell cycle regulator genes (CDKN2A), proto-oncogenes (MYC), genes involved in major pathways such as Wnt signaling (CTNNB1), PI3K/AKT pathway (PTEN), and others, all of which have been found to be mutated in HepG2 cancer cells as well as patient samples of hepatocellular carcinoma.