TNF and atherosclerosis: In murine models of atherosclerosis, such as Ldlr−/− mice fed a high-fat diet, senescent cells have been detected within plaque-rich regions of the aortic arch, marked by elevated expression of p16Ink4a and SASP components including MMP-3, MMP-13, IL-1α, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).86