Recent advances in real-time NADPH biosensing (such as NAPstar probes) and next-generation drug-delivery/biosensing platforms may not only quantify NOX–NOS-mediated oxidative injury in metabolic syndrome patients [363], but also substantially mitigate the challenges of therapeutically targeting the NOX–NOS axis even in the face of progressive liver dysfunction. Here, NOS1 is linked to Decreased liver function.