Environmental factors such as tobacco smoke and disinfection byproducts also modulate senescence; the smoking carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl upregulates ELAVL1 to inhibit senescence via autophagy, while HAMs induce senescence through p16 and p53/p21 pathways, implicating these mechanisms in BLCA etiology [239, 240]. The gene discussed is TP53; the disease is bladder transitional cell carcinoma.