TGFB1 and cancer: Across these cancers, LncROR unifies EMT induction with competing endogenous RNA mechanisms and exosomal transfer to sustain drug efflux transporter expression and CSC phenotypes, highlighting the TGF-β/LncROR/exosome axis as a promising therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in gastric, hepatic, and pancreatic malignancies (Fig. 2).