To investigate the correlation between Aldh1a3 expression and Jnk/Ap-1 activation in pancreatic carcinogenesis, we treated KC (p48Cre/+; LSL-KrasG12D/+) mice with caerulein to induce pancreatitis and Jnk/Ap-1 activity as previously described [26, 27]. Here, ALDH1A3 is linked to pancreatitis.