It is well established that increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, as well as the imbalance of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, lead to the development of RA (Cutolo et al., 2022). Here, TGFB1 is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.