IL6 and chronic kidney disease: Rheum officinale enema can also reduce TMAO and TMA levels in the serum of 5/6Nx CKD rats by decreasing certain TMAO-related bacteria, inhibit the expression of inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ), alleviate renal interstitial fibrosis, and slow the progression of CKD (Ji et al., 2021).