Studies by Zhu et al. (2024) develop an 18-gene cluster predicting low-grade glioma (LGG) survival and immunotherapy response, while subsequent research establishes lncRNA-based prognostic models incorporating 9–10 cuproptosis-associated transcripts—including functional regulators like LEF1-AS1 that suppress glioma proliferation and invasion (Chen et al., 2023; Jin et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene LEF1 and glioma.