TNF and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and prostaglandins, can affect the hormonal balance in the prostate gland and contribute to tissue remodeling and hyperplasia, the inflammatory cells in fact, produce growth factors such as VEGF or TGF- b, which can support the fibromuscular growth in BPH (2, 3).