As outlined in Figure 2A (left panel), Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), a pattern recognition receptor that is implicated in MASLD/MASH38, as well as downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines, including Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnfα), Interleukin-1 beta (Il-1β), and Interleukin-6 (Il-6), have been shown to be upregulated in MASH patients39. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.