In contrast, lycopene showed a trend toward higher risk in the higher intake group among Non-Hispanic Black (OR = 4.99), which is highly consistent with the high prevalence of diabetic nephropathy among African-Americans as characterized by the U. S. renal disease epidemiology (38, 39), suggesting that there may be a synergistic effect of genetic predisposition (e.g., APOL1 gene variant) and nutrients. This evidence concerns the gene APOL1 and kidney disorder.