In bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, the ATF4-responsive lnc949 alleviates fibrotic remodeling by modulating TGF-β/Smad2/3 and JNK pathways, thus reducing Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and collagen deposition (23). Here, SMAD2 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.