TCL21, an activated Th1-type Tph-like cell, was strongly associated with SP-RA’s aggressive profile, while TCL02, a central memory CD4+ T cell subset, displayed ICOS+, CTLA-4low+, PD-1low+, and CXCR3+, providing insights into immune memory mechanisms. This evidence concerns the gene TPH1 and rheumatoid arthritis.