HMGB1 is expressed in inflammatory cells, VSMCs, and endothelial cells, withprevious studies also showing high abundance in human AAA lesions [13, 35, 36, 37].Blocking HMGB1 with antibodies reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines andproteinases, and inhibits CaCl2-induced AAA formation [13]. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and triple-A syndrome.