In contrast, targetedanti-inflammatory therapies directed at specific inflammatory pathways (e.g.,blocking IL-1, IL-6, or IL-17) have demonstrated potential antiarrhythmic effectsin preclinical studies, though clinical translation requires further evidence.For instance, the CONVERT-AF pilot trial observed a trend toward reduced AFrecurrence after a single dose of canakinumab (an IL-1β monoclonalantibody) post-electrical cardioversion, but its statistical significance awaitsvalidation through larger-scale studies [110]. Here, IL6 is linked to atrial fibrillation.