The COP-AF trialdemonstrated that colchicine failed to significantly reduce AF incidence afternon-cardiac thoracic surgery [111], and the IMPROVE-PVI trial did not confirm itsefficacy in decreasing AF recurrence post-pulmonary vein isolation [110].Collectively, these outcomes highlight that monotherapy with non-specificanti-inflammatory agents may be insufficient to markedly improve AF outcomes,whereas targeted interventions against specific inflammatory pathways (e.g.,IL-1, IL-6, or IL-17) may hold greater therapeutic promise. Here, IL1A is linked to atrial fibrillation.