Consequently, markers such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), while potentially useful in detecting AKI, may reflect, particularly in less severe cases of AKI, the overall inflammatory status rather than isolated renal damage (Doi et al. 2013; Ho et al. 2015). Here, LCN2 is linked to acute kidney injury.