A combined model incorporating alpha-fetoprotein, tumor size, tumor number, and FD showed superior diagnostic performance for MVI prediction compared to the clinical model, with AUCs of 0.795 (95% CI: 0.720-0.860) vs 0.752 (95% CI: 0.670-0.825) in the internal test set, and 0.826 (95% CI: 0.721-0.915) vs 0.739 (95% CI: 0.613-0.849) in the external test set. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is neoplasm.