In terms of OPC differentiation shifts, the GDM+VPA group demonstrated reduced density and proportions of differentiated matural-OLs with CC1+/Olig2+ double-labeling relative to the GDM group (Fig. 4D-a, d, g, j, Fig. 4D-c, f, i, l, Fig. 4F-b, c). Here, OLIG2 is linked to gestational diabetes.