The expression of renal fibrosis markers could potentially be affected by BMP signaling, but levels of Acta2 (α-smooth muscle actin), Col1a1 and Col3a1 (type I and III collagen α1 chains), Tgfb (TGF-β1), and Fn1 (fibronectin) were not significantly changed (Figure 5, A–E). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and renal fibrosis.