The timing of inflammation in HD is an aspect to consider, as inflammatory processes have been shown to begin early in the disease course, even before clinical symptoms appear.14,22,48 In mouse models, inflammatory changes can be detected long before motor symptoms develop, with inflammation increasing steadily as the disease progresses.49,50 However, a recent study on HD gene carriers in the HD-ISS stage 0 found no significant signs of inflammation, as pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 exhibited unchanged longitudinal levels. The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is Huntington disease.