It is noteworthy that in this study, patients in the TNBC dataset received chemotherapy only; those in the ESCC dataset were treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy; EGJC patients received immunotherapy targeting CD40 only; CRC patients were treated with immunotherapy targeting PD-1 only; and CC patients received chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Here, CD40 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.