ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IgA, immunoglobulin A; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; RCT, randomized controlled trial; T2D, type 2 diabetes. Here, ACE is linked to chronic kidney disease.