ABCB1 and neoplasm: Besides, hypoxic tumor microenvironments stabilize HIF-1α/2α to upregulate drug efflux pumps (ABCB1/MRP1), while metabolic reprogramming through enhanced glutaminolysis and lipid metabolism supports redox homeostasis (Huang et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2025; Mendez-Blanco et al., 2018).